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Resources
References and Further Readings
General Information About FOS
An overview of Foundations of Success is provided in:
For a discussion of some of the theoretical concepts behind Foundations of Success, see:
Adaptive Management
A basic definition of adaptive management in a conservation context is available in:
 A conservation practitioner's guide to how to do project level adaptive management is:
- Margoluis, R., and N. Salafsky. 1998. Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Available from Island Press, Washington DC.
 Now available in Spanish. Medidas de Exito: Diseno, manejo y monitoreo de proyectos de conservacion y desarrollo.
To learn about other adaptive approaches, good sources include:
- Argyris, C. and D. A. Schon. 1978. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
- Gunderson, L., C. S. Holling, and S. S. Light, editors. 1995. Barriers and Bridges in the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Columbia University Press, New York.
- Lee, K. 1993. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
- Schon, D. 1984. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. Basic Books, New York.
- Senge, P. M. 1994. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Currency Doubleday, New York.
A guide for donors and program managers about developing learning portfolios:
- Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts: Designing Conservation and Development Programs to Maximize Results and Learning. 1999. Nick Salafsky and Richard Margoluis, Biodiversity Support Program, Washington DC.
Monitoring and Evaluation
An overview of the diference between status and effectiveness monitoring and a decision tree to help practitioners decide how much time and money to allocate to monitoring versus taking action can be found in:
- Dan Salzer and Nick Salafsky. 2004. Allocating Resources Between Taking Action, Assessing Status, and Measuring Effectiveness.
An introduction to some basic concepts is provided in:
A guide to project level monitoring is available in:
- Margoluis, R., and N. Salafsky. 1998. Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Available from Island Press, Washington DC.
A practitioner's guide to the Threat Reduction Assessment method for measuring project success:
- Is Our Project Succeeding? A Guide to Threat Reduction Assessment For Conservation. 2001. Richard Margoluis and Nick Salafsky. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington DC.
Learning
M&E Database
The M&E Database contains over 300 evaluation resources across a wide range of disciplines. This database is a product of our Measuring Conservation Impact (MCI) study, a research project designed to learn how practitioners across various fields have measured the success of the projects and interventions they employ. The project was carried out in collaboration with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and Conservation International (CI) with the generous support of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Assessing Threats to Biodiversity
Although conservation practitioners are ultimately interested in protecting or restoring biodiversity, much of the day-to-day work of conservation involves taking action to counter threats ?the human activities that negatively impact biodiversity. Understanding threats is a critical step in many stages of the conservation process such as setting priorities as to where to work, developing strategies to address these problems, coming up with measures to determine whether a given project or program is achieving its desired results, and analyzing and comparing results to promote learning. Despite the importance of threats in the conservation process, there are only a few standardized systems for dealing with threats within conservation organizations and no system in wide use across organizations. The following paper presents some initial ideas for such a standard system:
- Conventions for Defining, Naming, Measuring, Combining, and Mapping Threats in Conservation: An Initial Proposal for a Standard System. Nick Salafsky, Dan Salzer, Jamison Ervin, Tim Boucher, and Wayne Ostlie.
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